Risk Factors

Several factors can increase risk, including age, family history, hormonal changes, lifestyle factors, and underlying medical conditions. Understanding your personal risk profile helps guide prevention and screening decisions.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical advice if you experience new or worsening symptoms, unusual bleeding, severe pain, or any changes that concern you. Early evaluation leads to better outcomes. Do not ignore persistent symptoms.

Common Myths and Facts

Myth: Pain during menstruation is always normal. Fact: Severe or worsening pain can indicate underlying conditions like endometriosis and should be evaluated.

Myth: You cannot get pregnant while breastfeeding. Fact: Breastfeeding is not a reliable form of contraception. Discuss birth control options with your doctor.

Practical Tips

Track your symptoms and cycles using a journal or app. Maintain a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep. Attend regular check-ups and screenings as recommended for your age and risk factors.

References

Information in this article is based on medically reviewed guidelines and clinical references. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for personalized advice.

PCOS Symptoms and Diagnosis

Understanding the Rotterdam criteria and what they mean for you.

Dr. Taimoor Asghar
Written & medically reviewed by Dr. Taimoor Asghar, MBBS Last updated:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders affecting women of reproductive age. It is estimated to affect approximately 8–13% of women worldwide, though many remain undiagnosed.

PCOS symptoms and Rotterdam criteria diagram
PCOS symptoms and Rotterdam criteria diagram

The Rotterdam Criteria

PCOS is diagnosed when at least two of the following three features are present, and other conditions are excluded:

  1. Irregular or absent ovulation (oligo/anovulation)
  2. Clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones)
  3. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (12 or more follicles in each ovary, or increased ovarian volume)

Common Symptoms

  • Irregular periods or no periods at all
  • Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism)
  • Acne and oily skin
  • Scalp hair thinning
  • Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
  • Darkened skin patches (acanthosis nigricans)
  • Infertility due to irregular ovulation

Long-Term Health Risks

Women with PCOS have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, and endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis and lifestyle management are key to reducing these risks.

Treatment Overview

Management depends on the patient's goals. Lifestyle changes (weight loss, exercise) are first-line. Hormonal contraceptives regulate periods, metformin improves insulin resistance, and fertility medications can help with conception.

Check your risk with our PCOS risk score calculator.

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