Endometriosis: Signs, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus—commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. It affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of chronic pelvic pain and infertility.

Common Symptoms

• Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) that may worsen over time
• Chronic pelvic pain between periods
• Pain during or after intercourse (dyspareunia)
• Pain with bowel movements or urination
• Heavy menstrual bleeding or bleeding between periods
• Difficulty getting pregnant
• Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, or nausea

Who Is at Risk?

• Family history of endometriosis (mother, sister, aunt)
• Early menarche (first period before age 11)
• Short menstrual cycles (< 27 days)
• Heavy or prolonged periods
• Never having given birth
• Low body mass index

Diagnosis

Endometriosis can be suspected based on symptoms and physical examination, but the gold standard for diagnosis is laparoscopy—a minimally invasive surgical procedure that allows direct visualization and biopsy. Imaging (transvaginal ultrasound or MRI) can detect larger lesions or ovarian cysts (endometriomas).

Treatment Overview

There is no cure, but symptoms can be managed with pain relievers, hormonal therapies (birth control pills, progestins, GnRH agonists), and surgery. Fertility treatments may be needed for women trying to conceive.

Assess your risk with our endometriosis risk estimator.