Articles & Guides
Calculator explanations, research methods and medical-learning articles from AchaWaqat.
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Flu vs COVID vs Cold vs RSV: How to Tell Symptoms Apart
Flu vs COVID vs cold symptoms, along with RSV, can look alike at the start. Also, fever, cough, sore throat, and fatigue overlap, so…
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AUDIT Score Explained for Alcohol Screening
The AUDIT score is a 10-item World Health Organization questionnaire that screens for hazardous drinking, harmful alcohol use, and possible dependence. Items cover how…
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GAD-7 Score Explained for Anxiety Screening
The GAD-7 score is a seven-item questionnaire that screens for generalized anxiety and grades symptom severity over the past two weeks. Each item is…
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STOP-BANG Score Explained for Sleep Apnea Screening
The STOP-BANG score is an eight-item screening tool that estimates the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) from snoring, daytime tiredness, observed apneas, blood…
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How to Interpret the PHQ-9 Score in Practice
The PHQ-9 is a 9-item questionnaire that scores depressive symptoms over the past two weeks on a 0–27 scale. Standard bands are minimal (0-4),…
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Maintenance Fluid Calculation Using the 4-2-1 Rule
Learn how to calculate hourly maintenance IV fluids using the 4-2-1 rule, with formulas, worked examples, clinical cautions, and limitations.
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Pediatric Medication Dose Calculation: A Safety-Focused Guide
Learn how pediatric medication doses are calculated by weight, converted into liquid volumes, checked against limits, and administered more safely.
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How to Calculate Number Needed to Treat and Number Needed to Harm
Learn how to calculate NNT and NNH from event rates, interpret the results, avoid common errors, and compare treatment benefits with potential harms.
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Relative Risk vs Odds Ratio: Differences and Examples
Learn how relative risk and odds ratio differ, how to calculate each from a 2×2 table, and when each measure is appropriate in medical…
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How to Calculate Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, and NPV
Learn how to calculate sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV from a 2 × 2 table, with formulas, a worked example, and interpretation tips.