Articles & Guides
Calculator explanations, research methods and medical-learning articles from AchaWaqat.
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How to Calculate Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, and NPV
Learn how to calculate sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV from a 2 × 2 table, with formulas, a worked example, and interpretation tips.
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Confidence Intervals Explained for Medical Research
Learn how confidence intervals quantify precision, support clinical interpretation, and improve the reporting of medical research findings.
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P Values Explained: Meaning, Misuse, and Limitations
Learn what p values mean, what they cannot prove, common misinterpretations, and how to report them alongside effect sizes and confidence intervals.
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How to Calculate Sample Size for a Clinical Study
Learn how to calculate sample size for clinical studies using effect size, power, significance level, variability, expected events, and dropout rates.
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CURB-65 Score Explained for Pneumonia Severity
Learn how the CURB-65 score assesses pneumonia severity, how each criterion is calculated, and why clinical judgment remains essential.
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Centor Score Explained for Strep Throat Assessment
Learn how the Centor score estimates the likelihood of streptococcal pharyngitis, guides testing, and supports responsible antibiotic use.
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TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina and NSTEMI
Learn how the TIMI risk score estimates 14-day cardiac risk in unstable angina and NSTEMI, including criteria, interpretation, uses, and limits.
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APGAR Score Explained: Newborn Assessment and Interpretation
Learn how the APGAR score assesses a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes, how each component is scored, what the results mean, and its…
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Bishop Score Explained: Assessing Readiness for Labor Induction
Learn how the Bishop score assesses cervical readiness for labor induction, how it is calculated, and why clinical context still matters.
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PHQ-9 Depression Test: Scoring and Interpretation
Learn how the PHQ-9 depression test is scored, what each severity range means, and why clinical assessment remains essential for interpretation.