SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Health Survey

Brief 12-item version of SF-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring. ≈ 3 min to complete. Free with attribution.

quality of life 12 items ≈ 3 min Updated 2026-05-06

Score SF-12 below → Download printable PDF View source paper (DOI)
What is SF-12? SF-12 (12-Item Short Form Health Survey) is a validated instrument used to assess brief 12-item version of sf-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring.. It is used in brief 12-item version of sf-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring.. It comprises 12 items. Administration takes about 3 min.

What is SF-12?

SF-12 (12-Item Short Form Health Survey) is a validated clinical instrument used to assess brief 12-item version of sf-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring.. It is most often used for brief 12-item version of sf-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring.. The instrument contains 12 items. Typical administration time is ≈ 3 min.

Source / attribution: Free to use with citation

Clinical context: when SF-12 is used

Brief 12-item version of SF-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring. SF-12 is part of standard practice in this setting because it provides a structured, replicable assessment that can be tracked over time and compared across patients or visits.

Like all screening or assessment instruments, SF-12 is a structured aid — not a diagnostic test in isolation. Results should be interpreted alongside history, examination, and clinical context. Where a score crosses an actionable threshold, the next step is typically a more detailed clinical evaluation rather than a definitive diagnosis.

Score SF-12

Answer all 12 items below to see your SF-12 score and interpretation.

Each item is scored on a 5-point scale (1–5). Your score updates live as you answer.

All scoring runs in your browser. No data is sent anywhere — close the tab and the answers are gone.

How SF-12 is scored

Two summary scores: Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Standardized mean 50, SD 10.

Scoring notes: Two summary scores: Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Standardized mean 50, SD 10.

SF-12 score interpretation

The cutoffs below are drawn from the published validation literature. Always interpret in clinical context.

Score rangeBandInterpretation
0–25Poor healthConsider intervention
26–50Fair healthMonitor
51–100Good healthMaintain

How to score SF-12: a step-by-step worked example

This is an illustrative walkthrough, not a real patient. Follow the same four steps with your own answers — or use the live calculator at the top of this page.

Step 1 — Score each item

Read each question and choose the response that best fits. Each response has a number next to it — that number is the item's score. The example below uses illustrative answers.

#ItemExample responseScore
1In general, would you say your health is:Good3
2Does your health now limit you in moderate activities, such as moving a table, pushing a vacuum cleaner, bowling, or playing golf?No, not limited at all3
3Does your health now limit you in climbing several flights of stairs?No, not limited at all3
4During the past 4 weeks, have you accomplished less than you would like as a result of your physical health?Some of the time3
5During the past 4 weeks, were you limited in the kind of work or other regular daily activities as a result of your physical health?Some of the time3
6During the past 4 weeks, have you accomplished less than you would like as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious)?Some of the time3
7During the past 4 weeks, did you not do work or other activities as carefully as usual as a result of any emotional problems?Some of the time3
8During the past 4 weeks, how much did pain interfere with your normal work (including both work outside the home and housework)?Moderately3
9How much of the time during the past 4 weeks have you felt calm and peaceful?Some of the time3
10How much of the time during the past 4 weeks did you have a lot of energy?Most of the time4
11How much of the time during the past 4 weeks have you felt downhearted and depressed?Some of the time3
12During the past 4 weeks, how much of the time has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your social activities (like visiting friends, relatives, etc.)?A little of the time4

Step 2 — Add up the scores

Add up all the item scores you noted in Step 1.

3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 4 = 38

Step 3 — Look up the band

Find the row in the interpretation table whose range contains your total:

Total = 38 falls between 26 and 50Fair health

Step 4 — What does this mean clinically?

Fair health. Monitor

A score is one input alongside history and examination. SF-12 supports clinical judgment — it does not replace it.

Score SF-12 with your own answers above →

SF-12 psychometric properties

Psychometric figures are drawn from the validation literature and may vary across clinical populations and translations.

Limitations & common pitfalls

How SF-12 compares to other quality of life scales

If SF-12 doesn't fit your context, related instruments in quality of life include:

ScaleMeasuresItemsTime
SWLS5-item global measure of life satisfaction based on cognitive judgment.5≈ 1 min
EQ-5D-5LGeneric health status measure with 5 dimensions and 5 levels each plus visual analog scale.5≈ 2 min
PHQ-9Severity of depression9≈ 3 minutes
GAD-7Severity of generalized anxiety7≈ 2 minutes
AUDIT10-item WHO screening tool for hazardous alcohol consumption and dependence.10≈ 3 min
CHA2DS2-VAScAnnual stroke risk in non-valvular atrial fibrillation8
Glasgow Coma ScaleLevel of consciousness after head injury3
MELD-Na3-month mortality in advanced liver disease; transplant prioritization5

Frequently asked questions about SF-12

What does SF-12 measure?

SF-12 (12-Item Short Form Health Survey) is a validated instrument that assesses brief 12-item version of sf-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring.. Its primary clinical use is brief 12-item version of sf-36 for large surveys and routine monitoring..

How long does SF-12 take to complete?

SF-12 typically takes ≈ 3 min to administer. Time can vary slightly depending on whether it is self-administered or clinician-led.

How many items are on SF-12?

SF-12 contains 12 items. Items are summed to produce a total score.

What is a high SF-12 score?

Scores of 51–100 fall in the "Good health" band. Maintain

What is a low SF-12 score?

Scores of 0–25 fall in the "Poor health" band. Consider intervention

How reliable is SF-12?

SF-12 has reported Cronbach's α of 0.89 in validation samples and test–retest reliability of 0.82. Explains 90% of variance in SF-36 scales.

Is SF-12 free to use?

SF-12 is free to use with attribution. Free to use with citation

What is the source paper for SF-12?

Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Medical Care, 34(3), 220-233.

Can SF-12 replace clinical judgment?

No. SF-12 is a structured assessment aid. A score is one input alongside history, examination, and clinical context. Treatment decisions should never rest on a screening score alone.

References & validation

SF-12 is supported by the following peer-reviewed sources: